Tiempo de conexión a internet y conductas de riesgo online en jóvenes de España y Argentina

Aylin Alba Mandak Arjona; Gianluigi Moscato; Irene Soledad Estrada Moreno; Luis Gómez Jacinto

doi:10.65598/rps.6048

Autores/as

Aylin Alba Mandak Arjona Universidad de Málaga
Gianluigi Moscato
Irene Soledad Estrada Moreno
Luis Gómez Jacinto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65598/rps.6048

Palabras clave:

Internet, Tiempo de conexión, Conductas de riesgo online, Jóvenes, Vulnerabilidad digital

Resumen

El uso intensivo de internet se ha consolidado como un elemento estructural en la vida juvenil, incrementando la exposición a diversas conductas de riesgo online. Este estudio analizó la relación entre el tiempo diario de conexión y cinco tipos de riesgos digitales (contenidos de riesgo, riesgo relacional, ciberestafas, riesgos indirectos y participación en retos virales “challenges”) considerando el sexo, la edad y las diferencias culturales entre España y Argentina. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 466 jóvenes (244 argentinos y 222 españoles) de entre 18 y 30 años, mayoritariamente estudiantes y usuarios frecuentes de redes sociales, especialmente Instagram y TikTok.

Se utilizó un diseño transversal y correlacional mediante cuestionarios online validados. Se realizaron regresiones múltiples con modelos de moderación para examinar los efectos de interacción del sexo y la edad en la relación entre horas de conexión y riesgos digitales.

En España, la asociación entre tiempo de conexión y contenidos de riesgo y retos virales estuvo condicionada por la interacción con sexo y edad; los riesgos relacionales fueron más relevantes en mujeres de edad intermedia. En ciberestafas y riesgos indirectos, la edad y el sexo tuvieron mayor peso que las horas de conexión. En Argentina, más tiempo online se vinculó con mayor exposición a contenidos de riesgo y riesgos indirectos, especialmente en varones jóvenes, mientras que los retos virales dependieron de la combinación de edad y sexo. En ambos países, los patrones variaron según factores sociodemográficos y culturales, evidenciando la necesidad de estrategias preventivas diferenciadas y adaptadas a cada contexto juvenil.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Adigwe, I. (2024). Adolescents’ Online Risks and Parental Mediation in Nigerian Families: Gender in Focus. Sage Open, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241271106

Allison, K., Dawson, R. M., Messias, D. K. H., Culley, J. M., & Brown, N. (2023). Early Adolescent Online Sexual Risks on Smartphones and Social Media: Parental Awareness and Protective Practices. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 44(7), 882-908. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316231212560

Alsoubai, A., Song, J., Razi, A., Naher, N., De Choudhury, M., & Wisniewski, P. J. (2022). From “Friends with Benefits” to “Sextortion:” A Nuanced Investigation of Adolescents’ Online Sexual Risk Experiences. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6(CSCW2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555136

Alves, M. I., Dias Junior, S. A., Martins, T., Felipe, A. O. B., Freitas, P. S., & Moreira, D. da S. (2025). The Relationship Between Excessive Screen Time, Self‐Harm, and Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: An Integrative Literature Review. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 38(2). Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.70015

Andrie, E. K., Sakou, I. I., Tzavela, E. C., Richardson, C., & Tsitsika, A. K. (2021). Adolescents’ Online Pornography Exposure and Its Relationship to Sociodemographic and Psychopathological Correlates: A Cross-Sectional Study in Six European Countries. Children, 8(10), 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100925

Barroso, R., Marinho, A. R., Figueiredo, P., Ramião, E., & Silva, A. S. (2022). Consensual and Non-consensual Sexting Behaviors in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. Adolescent Research Review, 8(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00199-0

Biswas, T., Edmed, S. L., Tran, N., Huda, M. M., Pattinson, C., Maravilla, J., Baxter, J., & Al Mamun, A. (2025). Access to Potentially Harmful Online Content and Psychological Distress in Australian Older Adolescents: a Population-Based Study. Child Indicators Research, 18(2), 867-883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-025-10217-x

Blackburn, M. R., & Hogg, R. C. (2024). #ForYou? the impact of pro-ana TikTok content on body image dissatisfaction and internalisation of societal beauty standards. PLOS ONE, 19(8), e0307597. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307597

Boer, S., Erdem, Ö., de Graaf, H., & Götz, H. (2021). Prevalence and Correlates of Sext-Sharing Among a Representative Sample of Youth in the Netherlands. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655796

Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., & Staiano, A. (2022). The Use of Social Media in Children and Adolescents: Scoping Review on the Potential Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960

Bueso, G., Jj, S., Fernandez, D., Montero, E., Baño, M., JiménezMurcia, S., & Ribas, J. (2021). Preferences on Online Gambling Activities among Adolescents: A Review. Journal of Psychiatry & Mental Disorders, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.26420/jpsychiatrymentaldisord.2021.1033

Carcelén-García, S., Narros-González, M. J., & Galmes-Cerezo, M. (2023). Digital vulnerability in young people: gender, age and online participation patterns. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2023.2287115

Chiossi, F., Haliburton, L., Ou, C., Butz, A. M., & Schmidt, A. (2023). Short-Form Videos Degrade Our Capacity to Retain Intentions: Effect of Context Switching On Prospective Memory. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580778

Dadà, C. B., Colautti, L., Rosi, A., Cavallini, E., Antonietti, A., & Iannello, P. (2025). Uncovering vulnerability to fraud and scams among adult victims in online and offline contexts: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior, 172, 108734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2025.108734

Dagtas, S., Cakmak, M., & Agarwal, N. (2025). Efficient Data Retrieval and Comparative Bias Analysis of Recommendation Algorithms for YouTube Shorts and Long-Form Videos. ArXiv, 2507.21467. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.21467

Dahlgren, C., Sundgot-Borgen, C., Kvalem, I., Wennersberg, A., & Wisting, L. (2024). Further evidence of the association between social media use, eating disorder pathology and appearance ideals and pressure: a cross-sectional study in Norwegian adolescents. Journal of Eating Disorders, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-00992-3.

Duch-Ceballos, C., Calatrava, M., Rodríguez-González, M., & Schweer-Collins, M. (2025). Problematic internet use as a predictor of emotional self-regulation, online risk behaviors and tolerance to diversity in Spanish adolescents. Anales de Psicología, 41(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.617021

Dufour, M., Brunelle, N., Tremblay, J., Leclerc, D., Cousineau, M.-M., Khazaal, Y., Légaré, A.-A., Rousseau, M., & Berbiche, D. (2016). Gender Difference in Internet Use and Internet Problems among Quebec High School Students. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(10), 663-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640755

El-Asam, A., Lane, R., & Katz, A. (2022). Psychological distress and its mediating effect on experiences of online risk: the case for vulnerable young people. Frontiers in Education, 7, Article 772051. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.772051

Elton-Marshall, T., Leatherdale, S., & Turner, N. (2016). An examination of internet and land-based gambling among adolescents in three Canadian provinces: results from the youth gambling survey (YGS). BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2933-0.

Gámez-Guadix, M., & Machimbarrena, J. (2025). Internet risks and challenges among young adults and adolescents: an overview and research prospects. Journal for the Study of Education and Development: Infancia y Aprendizaje, 48(3), 483-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/02103702251358182.

Gámez-Guadix, M., Borrajo, E., & Almendros, C. (2016). Risky online behaviors among adolescents: Longitudinal relations among problematic Internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.013.

Gámez-Guadix, M., Mateos, E., Wachs, S., & Blanco, M. (2022). Self-Harm on the Internet Among Adolescents: Prevalence and Association with Depression, Anxiety, Family Cohesion, and Social Resources. Psicothema, 2(34), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.328.

Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Karrera, I., Larrañaga, N., Casado, M.A., Martínez, G. y Garitaonandia, C. (2019) Actividades, Mediación, Oportunidades y Riesgos online de los menores en la era de la convergencia mediática. Editado por el Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad (INCIBE). León (España).

Gómez-Galán, J., Martínez-López, J., Lázaro-Pérez, C., & García-Cabrero, J. (2021). Open Innovation during Web Surfing: Topics of Interest and Rejection by Latin American College Students. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7010017.

Gómez-Galán, J., Vergara, D., Ordóñez-Olmedo, E., & Veytia-Bucheli, M. (2020). Time of Use and Patterns of Internet Consumption in University Students: A Comparative Study between Spanish-Speaking Countries. Sustainability, 12(12), 5087 https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125087.

Guerra, C., Montiel, I., Molina, N., Escalona, Y., Riquelme, J., y Rojas, L. (2019). Análisis de una escala breve de conductas de riesgo en internet en jóvenes Chilenos. Anuario de Psicología, 49, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1344/anpsic2019.49.4

Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (Vol. 3). The Guilford Press.

Hing, N., Lole, L., Russell, A., Rockloff, M., King, D., Browne, M., Newall, P., & Greer, N. (2022). Adolescent betting on esports using cash and skins: Links with gaming, monetary gambling, and problematic gambling. PLoS ONE, 17(5), e0266571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266571.

Hing, N., Russell, A., Li, E., & Vitartas, P. (2018). Does the uptake of wagering inducements predict impulse betting on sport?. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 146 -157. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.17.

Holfeld, B., Mishna, F., Craig, W., & Zuberi, S. (2023). A Latent Profile Analysis of the Consensual and Non-Consensual Sexting Experiences among Canadian Adolescents. Youth & Society, 56(4), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x231202814.

Hu, S., Gan, J., Shi, V., & Krug, I. (2023). Chinese TikTok (Douyin) challenges and body image concerns: a pilot study. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00829-5.

Ilzan, A., Fikria, R., Oktaviani, B., Yusuf, F., Wegman, D., & Imtiyaz, N. (2023). Understanding The Phenomenon and Risks of Identity Theft and Fraud on Social Media. Asia Pacific Journal of Information System and Digital Transformation, 1(01), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.61973/apjisdt.v101.3.

Ingram, G. (2020). Influence of age, gender and personality on young adolescents’ reporting of online risks to third parties. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100040

Jayaraj, N., Shanmugam, J., Duraisamy, S., & Loganathan, P. (2020). Internet Usage Pattern among Adolescents in South India – A Cross-sectional Study. Annals of Community Health, 8(2), 31-35.

Kemp, S. (5 de febrero de 2025). Digital 2025: Global Overview Report. Datareportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-global-overview-report

König, R., & Seifert, A. (2020). From Online to Offline and Vice Versa: Change in Internet Use in Later Life Across Europe. Frontiers in Sociology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.00004.

Kumar, S., & Kumar, S. (2024). Compulsive Use of Social Media and Unrestrained Buying Behavior: Delineating the Role of Social Comparison, Fear of Missing Out and Self Esteem. Journal of Internet Commerce, 23(4), 503-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2024.2421731.

Kuraku, S., & Kalla, D. (2023). Impact of phishing on users with different online browsing hours and spending habits. IJARCCE, 12(10), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.17148/ijarcce.2023.121005.

Kwak, Y., Kim, H., & Ahn, J. (2022). Impact of Internet usage time on mental health in adolescents: Using the 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey 2018. PLoS ONE, 17(3), e0264948. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264948.

Laclote, P., Martínez-Líbano, J., Céspedes, C., Fuentealba-Urra, S., Ramírez, N., Lara, R., & Yeomans-Cabrera, M. (2025). Grooming Risk Factors in Adolescents with Abuse Histories: Insights from Chilean Reparative Programs. Adolescents, 5(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5010003.

Lahti, H., Lyyra, N., Hietajärvi, L., Villberg, J., & Paakkari, L. (2021). Profiles of Internet Use and Health in Adolescence: A Person-Oriented Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6972. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136972.

Leite, Â., Azevedo, Â., & Rodrigues, A. (2024). Influence of Sociodemographic and Social Variables on the Relationship between Formal Years of Education and Time Spent on the Internet. Societies, 14(7), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14070114.

Li, J., Wu, Y., & Hesketh, T. (2022). Internet use and cyberbullying: Impacts on psychosocial and psychosomatic wellbeing among Chinese adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107461.

Li, Z. (2025). Impulse or Self-Expression? How Social Media Challenges Influence the Decision-Making Process of Young Users. Art and Society, 4(3), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.63593/as.2709-9830.2025.04.006.

Liu, S., Zhang, D., Tian, Y., Xu, B., & Wu, X. (2023). Gender differences in symptom structure of adolescent problematic internet use: A network analysis. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00590-2.

Lv, X., Chen, Y., & Guo, W. (2022). Adolescents’ Algorithmic Resistance to Short Video APP’s Recommendation: The Dual Mediating Role of Resistance Willingness and Resistance Intention. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859597.

Масленников, О. В., & Масленникова, Н. В. (2020). New risks to the young people as a result of digital finance development in the russian federation. Izvestia Vyssih Uchebnyh Zavedenij. Seria Ekonomika, Finansy i Upravlenie Proizvodstvom, 4(46), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.6060/ivecofin.2020464.505.

Machimbarrena, J., Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Álvarez-Bardón, A., Álvarez-Fernández, L., & González-Cabrera, J. (2018). Internet Risks: An Overview of Victimization in Cyberbullying, Cyber Dating Abuse, Sexting, Online Grooming and Problematic Internet Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112471.

Montiel, I., y Carbonell, E. (2012). Cuestionario de victimización juvenil mediante internet y/o teléfono móvil [Juvenile Online Victimization Questionnaire, JOV-Q]. Patent number 09/2011/1982. Registro Propiedad Intelectual Comunidad Valenciana.

Moss, C., Wibberley, C., & Witham, G. (2022). Assessing the impact of Instagram use and deliberate self-harm in adolescents: A scoping review. International journal of mental health nursing, 32(1), 14-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13055.

Nogueira-López, A., Rial-Boubeta, A., Guadix-García, I., Villanueva-Blasco, V., & Billieux, J. (2023). Prevalence of problematic Internet use and problematic gaming in Spanish adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 326, 115317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115317.

Nyrhinen, J., Sirola, A., Koskelainen, T., Munnukka, J., & Wilska, T. (2023). Online antecedents for young consumers' impulse buying behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 153, 108129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.108129.

Odgers, C., & Jensen, M. (2020). Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 61(3), 336-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190.

Ortega-Barón, J., Machimbarrena, J. M., Montiel, I., & González-Cabrera, J. (2022). Viral internet challenges scale in preadolescents: An exploratory study. Current Psychology, 42(15), 12530-12540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02692-6

Paat, Y., & Markham, C. (2020). Digital crime, trauma, and abuse: Internet safety and cyber risks for adolescents and emerging adults in the 21st century. Social Work in Mental Health, 19(1), 18-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2020.1845281.

Polischuk, I., & Kirillina, N. (2024). Digital Platforms as a Space of Communication for Young Adults. Communicology, 12(4), 181-191. https://doi.org/10.21453/2311-3065-2024-12-4-181-191.

Pruccoli, J., De Rosa, M., Chiasso, L., Perrone, A., & Parmeggiani, A. (2022). The use of TikTok among children and adolescents with Eating Disorders: experience in a third-level public Italian center during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 48(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01308-4.

Purba, A., Thomson, R., Henery, P., Pearce, A., Henderson, M., & Katikireddi, V. (2023). Social media use and health risk behaviours in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis. The BMJ, 383, e073552. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073552.

Rotele, A. S. D. (2025). Consideration of Social Media Cybercrime against Indian Youth. Gurukul International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 13(2), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.69758/gimrj/2503i3iivxiiip0003.

Saibaba, B. (2024). Online Compulsive Buying Behavior of Young Consumers in India – Examining the role of Smartphone Addiction, Social Media Addiction, Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and Impulsive Buying Behavior. Journal of Informatics Education and Research, 4(1), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.52783/jier.v4i1.532.

Salleh, S., Hamzah, S., Ali, N., Yusof, H., Mohammed, N., Nor, R., Rashid, R., & Noor, H. (2023). The Association Between Age And Time Spent On Online Activity Among University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i12/20049

Salwa, M., Islam, R., Towhid, M., Tasnim, M., Khan, M., & Haque, A. (2025). Online child sexual abuse: a convergent parallel mixed-method exploration among Bangladeshi youth. BMJ Open, 15(5), e091042. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091042.

Savoia, E., Harriman, N., Su, M., Cote, T., & Shortland, N. (2021). Adolescents’ Exposure to Online Risks: Gender Disparities and Vulnerabilities Related to Online Behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115786.

Schafer, J., Denton, A., Seelhoff, C., Vo, J., Garcia, L., Madan, I., Mudbhary, A., Tang, R., & Starbird, K. (2025). 'I Blow Up': Understanding TikTok Users' Reactions to Sudden Social Media Attention. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(2), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1145/3711001.

Sinha, D., Srivastava, S., Mishra, P., & Kumar, P. (2021). Predictors of deliberate self-harm among adolescents: Answers from a cross-sectional study on India. BMC Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00705-4.

Suresh, A., & Biswas, A. (2020). A Study of Factors of Internet Addiction and Its Impact on Online Compulsive Buying Behaviour: Indian Millennial Perspective. Global Business Review, 21(6), 1448-1465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919857011.

Tamarit, A., Schoeps, K., Peris-Hernández, M., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2021). The Impact of Adolescent Internet Addiction on Sexual Online Victimization: The Mediating Effects of Sexting and Body Self-Esteem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4226. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084226.

Tateno, M., Teo, A., Ukai, W., Kanazawa, J., Katsuki, R., Kubo, H., & Kato, T. (2019). Internet Addiction, Smartphone Addiction, and Hikikomori Trait in Japanese Young Adult: Social Isolation and Social Network. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00455.

Twenge, J., & Martin, G. (2020). Gender differences in associations between digital media use and psychological well-being: Evidence from three large datasets. Journal of adolescence, 79(1), 91-102 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.12.018.

Varchetta, M., Tagliaferri, G., Mari, E., Quaglieri, A., Cricenti, C., & Martí-Vilar, M. (2024). Cross-Cultural Examination of Problematic Internet Use and Associated Psychological Variables: A Comparative Study in Italy, Spain, Ecuador, and Peru. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(12), 3451. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123451.

Villena-Moya, A., Potenza, M., Granero, R., Paiva, Ú., Arrondo, G., Chiclana-Actis, C., Fernández-Aranda, F., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Normand, E., Ballester, L., & Mestre-Bach, G. (2025). Sex differences in problematic pornography use among adolescents: a network analysis. BMC Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02624-0.

Virós-Martín, C., Montaña-Blasco, M., & Jiménez-Morales, M. (2024). Can’t stop scrolling! Adolescents’ patterns of TikTok use and digital well-being self-perception. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03984-5

Wang, L., Wang, W., Fei, W., & Wang, Z. (2025). Online Risk Behavior in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Trauma, violence & abuse, 15248380251343194. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251343194.

Wang, Z. (2025). The Influence of the Content Recommendation Algorithm in User Viewing Behavior on the Short Video Platform. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 128, 204-209. https://doi.org/10.54097/cr5e7t94.

White, C., Gummerum, M., Wood, S., & Hanoch, Y. (2017). Internet Safety and the Silver Surfer: The Relationship Between Gist Reasoning and Adults' Risky Online Behavior. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(4), 819-827. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2003.

Whitty, M. (2019). Predicting susceptibility to cyber-fraud victimhood. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfc-10-2017-0095.