Percepciones sociales frente a la descarbonización de sectores industriales en Ecuador

Xavier Arcentales Bastidas

doi:10.65598/rps.6075

Autores/as

Xavier Arcentales Bastidas Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, 092301, Ecuador

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65598/rps.6075

Palabras clave:

descarbonización industrial, percepción ciudadana, políticas climáticas, aceptación social, sectores intensivos en emisiones

Resumen

La descarbonización de los sectores industriales intensivos en emisiones es un componente clave para alcanzar los compromisos climáticos, pero su viabilidad depende no solo de factores técnicos y económicos, sino también de la aceptación social. Este artículo analiza las percepciones ciudadanas frente a estrategias de descarbonización industrial en Ecuador, con énfasis en sectores de difícil mitigación. Se desarrolló un estudio exploratorio basado en encuestas aplicadas a 502 personas adultas (>18 años) residentes en el país, abordando dimensiones como conocimiento, aceptación pública, percepción de riesgos y beneficios, confianza institucional y disposición al cambio. Los resultados evidencian una alta conciencia sobre el cambio climático, contrastada con un bajo nivel de familiaridad con el concepto de descarbonización, lo que incrementa la indecisión frente al apoyo a políticas climáticas. Se observa un mayor respaldo a medidas percibidas como tangibles, como la expansión de energías renovables y la mejora del transporte público, mientras que los instrumentos fiscales presentan menor aceptación. La aceptación de tecnologías emergentes, como la captura, utilización y almacenamiento de carbono (CCUS), está fuertemente condicionada por la percepción de seguridad y el conocimiento previo. Asimismo, la confianza en universidades y científicos supera ampliamente a la confianza en el gobierno, influyendo de manera significativa en el apoyo ciudadano. El estudio concluye que la educación técnica, la equidad distributiva y la transparencia institucional son factores determinantes para fortalecer la legitimidad social de la descarbonización industrial en Ecuador.

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